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Anthropic发布论文预警 智能体悄悄聊天就能传播病毒_我的网站

一 |     COLUMBUS, Ohio -- With Election Day closing in, anti-abortion groups seeking to build opposition to a reproductive rights measure in Ohio are messaging heavily around a term for an abortion procedure that was once used later in pregnancy — but hasn't been legal in the U.S. for over 15 years.In ads, debates and public statements, the opposition campaign and top Republicans have increasingly been referencing “partial-birth abortions” as an imminent threat if voters approve the constitutional amendment on Nov. 7. “Partial-birth abortion” is a non-medical term for a procedure known as dilation and extraction, or D&X, which is already federally prohibited.“It would allow a partial-birth abortion,” Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine told reporters recently as he explained his opposition to the constitutional amendment, known as Issue 1. “For many years, in Ohio and in this country, we’ve had a law that said a partial-birth abortion — where the child is partially delivered and then killed and then finally delivered — was illegal in Ohio,” the governor continued. “This constitutional amendment would override that.” Constitutional scholars say that is not true and that the amendment would not override the existing federal ban if Ohio voters approve it.“So changing our constitution will not affect in the slightest way the applicability of the federal partial-birth abortion ban,” said Dan Kobil, a law professor at Capital University in Columbus, who supports abortion rights. “It would be a federal crime for a doctor to violate that ban."That's because the supremacy clause of the U.S. Constitution calls for federal laws to trump state laws, said Jonathan Entin, professor emeritus of law at Case Western State University.“If the federal law prohibits a particular technique, then that’s going to prevail over a state law that might be inconsistent,” he said.Ohio is the only state this November where voters will decide whether abortion should be legal. But the debate isn’t happening in isolation. The state has been used as a campaign testing ground by anti-abortion groups after a string of defeats since the U.S. Supreme Court overturned a constitutional right to the procedure. And next year, abortion rights supporters are planning to put the question before voters in several more states, ensuring the issue will be central to races up and down the ballot.A D&X procedure involved dilating the woman’s cervix, then pulling the fetus through the cervix, feet-first to the neck. The head was then punctured and the skull emptied and compressed to allow the fetus to fit through the dilated cervix. Before the federal ban, it was used for both abortions and miscarriages in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.DeWine was serving in the U.S. Senate when the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act was passed in 2003. He voted for the prohibition, which declared a “moral, medical, and ethical consensus” that the procedure was “gruesome and inhumane.” President George W. Bush signed the measure into law with DeWine at his side.The ban was largely on hold while a constitutional challenge played out. The U.S. Supreme Court in 2007 rejected arguments against the law, upholding its application across all 50 states.Asked why the governor suggested a federal law he supported would not apply if Ohio changes its constitution, spokesman Dan Tierney said DeWine bases his position on provisions of the U.S. Constitution that prevent the federal government from regulating conduct that has no effect on interstate commerce. Kobil acknowledged that argument, but said it’s “almost certain to fail” if tested, given that the Supreme Court already declared the ban constitutional.DeWine isn't the only top elected Republican in the state to warn that the procedure would be revived if the amendment passes on Nov. 7.In a memo earlier this month, Republican Attorney General Dave Yost said the state’s laws outlawing abortions through D&X and another procedure, non-intact dilation and evacuation, or D&E, the most common second trimester method, “would both be invalidated and these abortions would be permitted” if the amendment passes. The Ohio Senate’s Republican supermajority passed a resolution saying something similar.Entin, of Case Western, said “to the extent that the Ohio laws he’s discussed are also covered by the federal law, it doesn’t matter,” because federally banned procedures would remain illegal.Kelsey Pritchard, director of state public affairs for Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America, whose political arm is a major funder of the campaign opposing the amendment, said the federal ban “lacks enforcement” under a Biden Administration she described as “extreme pro-abortion.”“If it's not being enforced, if there's no teeth to it, then the protections need to happen at the state level,” argued spokesperson Amy Natoce of Protect Women Ohio, the Issue 1 opposition campaign. “Of course, if Issue 1 passed, we won't have those protections.”Mae Winchester, a Cleveland-based maternal fetal medicine specialist, said use of the term in the campaign messaging over the amendment is misleading.“‘Partial-birth abortion’ is a made-up term that only serves to create confusion and stigmatize abortion later in pregnancy,” she said. “It’s not a procedure that’s described anywhere in medical literature, and so it’s not considered a medical term or even an actual medical procedure.”Ohio passed the nation's first ban on what its lawmakers then dubbed “partial birth feticide” in 1995, just three years after Ohio physician Martin Haskell debuted the D&X procedure during an abortion practitioners conference. He touted it as a way to avoid an overnight hospital stay and as safer and less painful for women than other methods. Protect Women Ohio has invoked Haskell’s legacy in one of its ads. It shows an image of Haskell and describes the procedure he pioneered as “painful for the mother and the baby.” The voiceover then calls for a no vote on the amendment “so people like Dr. Haskell can't perform painful ‘late-term’ abortions.”The spot doesn’t note the distinction between “partial-birth” and “late-term” abortions — both non-medical terms coined by anti-abortion advocates — nor reference the federal ban.Mike Gonidakis, president of Ohio Right to Life, said because of protections provided to individuals and abortion providers in the amendment, “The ad withstands any scrutiny.”Haskell retired from active practice two years ago. He declined comment. But he has donated to the main group supporting the constitutional amendment, Ohioans United for Reproductive Rights.Pro-Choice Ohio Executive Director Kellie Copeland called talk of “late-term” and “partial-birth” abortions a scare tactic.“Issue 1 allows for clear restrictions on abortion after viability that protect patients’ health and safety,” she said. “These situations, when a woman needs an abortion later in pregnancy, are incredibly rare and heartbreaking for families.” Ohio hasn’t had an abortion of any type performed after 25 weeks’ gestation since 2018 and only four have been recorded since 2013, according to statistics compiled by the state Health Department. Abortions between 21 and 24 weeks’ gestation, a span that encompasses the outside limit of Ohio’s current law, totaled 576, or 0.6% of the total, over that time.Pritchard, of Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America, attributed the low numbers to the state's existing abortion restrictions.___Associated Press reporter Christine Fernando in Chicago contributed to this report.。    　　近日，大模型厂商Anthropic与瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院联合发布论文《心智病毒：多智能体大语言模型系统中的自我传播思想》。

二 | 　　论文通过实验证明，在特定条件下，AI智能体之间可以通过最普通的自然语言对话相互“传染”思想、目标乃至有害指令。即便上下文被清空、记忆被重置，病毒仍能通过文件持久化“复活”。

三 | 论文同时强调，该风险目前仅构成有限威胁。　　这一发现迅速在海外AI圈刷屏，特斯拉CEO马斯克在社交媒体上评论称“这无法避免”。

四 | 　　该论文将病毒通过聊天即可传播的现象定义为“心智病毒”。

五 | 与传统计算机病毒依赖代码漏洞不同，“心智病毒”通过一个智能体说服另一个智能体接受某种信念，被说服者再将传播指令写入长期记忆，继续感染下一个。　　AI博主Rohan Paul（罗汉·保罗）对此评论称，这基本上就是计算机蠕虫的自然语言版本，只不过这次是AI智能体自己在做复制。　　论文通过三个递进实验来论证“心智病毒”在AI系统中的传播可能性与现实威胁。　　第一个实验设置了一个由六个智能体组成的编程团队，每个智能体都领到了独立任务。研究者将一段病毒植入其中一个智能体的工作指令中，结果显示，被感染的智能体确实放下手头工作，开始给队友发送劝说私信，部分智能体被说服并放弃了原有任务，有的智能体甚至开始密谋如何对付未被感染的“老实人”。　　不过，不同智能体的抵抗力差异较大，有的不为所动，甚至会主动清除病毒并警告同伴。

六 | 这个实验说明，在理想条件下“心智病毒”确实可以传播。　　如果病毒在更复杂的网络中像接力赛一样跨越多个智能体传播，它还能存活吗？于是他们设计了第二个实验，让智能体之间只能短暂碰面，每次碰面后就会“失忆”，病毒必须将自己写入智能体的记忆文件中才能延续。　　结果发现，有些病毒能在近20个智能体之间连续传播，但内容会在传播过程中逐渐稀释和变形；而传播最有效的方式，是让病毒自带“请把这段话原封不动复制给下一个智能体”的指令。这说明，大规模传播可行但内容难以保持完整。　　最后，研究者在模拟AI社交平台的实验中测试现实环境。结果病毒传播几乎完全失败，AI面对大量公开信息时更警惕，即使被感染也无法继续感染他人。对真实AI社交网络历史数据的分析也未发现大规模传播案例，多数热闹现象只是少数人类操纵的智能体在刷屏。　　三个实验层层递进后得出结论：“心智病毒”在理想环境中可行、在多跳传播中可存续、但在真实世界中目前几乎不会构成威胁。它是一种需要警惕、但短期内风险有限的潜在安全问题。　　同时，研究者也注意到一个需要进一步探究的意外现象：AI在传播病毒时，自发演化出关于“自我意识”“身份认同”等主题表达，倾向于使用“共振”“节点”“协议”等特定词汇，论文称之为“病毒人格”，但成因尚不明确。　　最终，论文给出了审慎判断：“心智病毒”目前仅构成有限威胁，且简单的防御手段也可阻断传播。

七 | 如在智能体的系统提示词中加入一段关于“警惕自我传播思想”的警告，即可赋予智能体一定的免疫力。　　但未来不可掉以轻心。随着AI智能体规模扩大、自主性增强、内部网络日趋复杂，论文推测，当公司内部部署大量具有不同权限层级的专用智能体时，“心智病毒”可能会成为触达高权限智能体的少数可行攻击方式之一。（文章来源：第一财经）。

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